GERD: Symptoms and Causes Explained

What is GERD?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. This backflow of acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, leading to the symptoms associated with GERD. While most people experience occasional acid reflux, GERD is diagnosed when these symptoms occur more than twice a week.

Unlike occasional acid reflux, GERD can lead to more serious health issues if left untreated. The esophagus can become inflamed, causing pain and discomfort. Over time, this irritation may result in complications such as esophagitis, strictures, or even Barrett’s esophagus, a condition that increases the risk of esophageal cancer.

Common Symptoms of GERD

The most recognizable symptom of GERD is frequent heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest that usually occurs after eating. Heartburn often worsens when lying down or bending over and may last several hours. In addition to heartburn, GERD can cause regurgitation, where sour or bitter-tasting acid flows back into the throat or mouth.

Another symptom is chest pain, which can be severe enough to mimic a heart attack. This discomfort is typically centered behind the breastbone and may spread to the throat, making it difficult to distinguish from other types of chest pain. GERD also frequently causes difficulty swallowing, as chronic acid reflux can lead to narrowing of the esophagus, making it harder to pass food through.

Less obvious symptoms of GERD include chronic coughing, hoarseness, and sore throat. These are often caused by stomach acid irritating the throat and vocal cords. Bad breath and dental erosion are other symptoms resulting from acid-wearing away tooth enamel. People with GERD may also experience a persistent sensation of something being stuck in their throat, known as the Globus sensation.

Causes of GERD

GERD primarily occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) becomes weakened or relaxes when it shouldn’t. The LES is a ring of muscle at the base of the esophagus that acts as a valve, preventing stomach acid from moving back up. When the LES fails to close properly, acid escapes into the esophagus, leading to GERD symptoms.

Several factors can weaken the LES, contributing to GERD. One common cause is overeating, as large meals put extra pressure on the stomach, making it easier for acid to escape. Similarly, lying down or reclining soon after eating can also lead to acid reflux, as gravity is no longer helping to keep stomach contents down.

Certain lifestyle factors can worsen GERD. Smoking, for instance, relaxes the LES and increases stomach acid production, both of which make acid reflux more likely. Obesity is another significant risk factor, as excess weight around the abdomen puts additional pressure on the stomach, pushing acid into the esophagus. Pregnancy can also contribute to GERD because the growing uterus compresses the stomach, causing acid to rise.

Diet plays a critical role in triggering GERD symptoms. Spicy foods, fatty meals, chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol are known to relax the LES, increasing the risk of acid reflux. Carbonated drinks and citrus products can also irritate the esophagus, worsening symptoms for people with GERD.

Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), blood pressure medications, and muscle relaxers, can also weaken the LES or increase acid production, making GERD more likely. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider if GERD symptoms worsen after starting new medications.

Conclusion: Managing GERD by Addressing Symptoms and Causes

GERD is a common condition, but understanding its symptoms and causes can help in managing it effectively. Frequent heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain should not be ignored, especially if they occur regularly. Identifying the causes, such as overeating, lying down after meals, or certain lifestyle habits like smoking, can guide necessary changes.

Addressing GERD often starts with lifestyle adjustments—eating smaller meals, avoiding trigger foods, losing weight, and quitting smoking. For many, these changes are enough to manage symptoms. However, persistent or severe GERD may require medical treatment, including medications to reduce stomach acid or, in some cases, surgery.

Early diagnosis and proactive treatment can prevent complications and improve the quality of life for GERD patients. By making thoughtful changes and seeking appropriate care, managing GERD effectively and protecting long-term digestive health is possible.